ABSTRACT
Magnesium (Mg) is a pivotal and very complex component of healthy aging in the cardiovascular-muscle-bone triad. Low Mg levels and low Mg intake are common in the general aging population and are associated with poorer outcomes than higher levels, including vascular calcification, endothelial dysfunction, osteoporosis, or muscle dysfunction/sarcopenia. While Mg supplementation appears to reverse these processes and benefit the triad, more randomized clinical trials are needed. These will allow improvement of preventive and curative strategies and propose guidelines regarding the pharmaceutical forms and the dosages and durations of treatment in order to optimize and adapt Mg prescription for healthy aging and for older vulnerable persons with comorbidities.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism , Magnesium/metabolism , Osteoporosis/metabolism , Sarcopenia/metabolism , Aging/metabolism , Animals , Bone and Bones/metabolism , Healthy Aging/metabolism , Humans , Muscle Strength/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolismABSTRACT
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone classically involved in the calcium metabolism and bone homeostasis. Recently, new and interesting aspects of vitamin D metabolism has been elucidated, namely the special role of the skin, the metabolic control of liver hydroxylase CYP2R1, the specificity of 1α-hydroxylase in different tissues and cell types and the genomic, non-genomic and epigenomic effects of vitamin D receptor, which will be addressed in the present review. Moreover, in the last decades, several extraskeletal effects which can be attributed to vitamin D have been shown. These beneficial effects will be here summarized, focusing on the immune system and cardiovascular system.
Subject(s)
Vitamin D/metabolism , 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism , Animals , Bone and Bones/metabolism , Calcitriol/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Cytochrome P450 Family 2/metabolism , Homeostasis , Humans , Lipid Metabolism , Mixed Function Oxygenases/metabolism , Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism , Skin/metabolism , Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase/metabolismABSTRACT
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed a severe threat to global health management system since it has been detected in the human body. This pandemic was prompted by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rapidly developed into a public emergency with an alarming increase in cases and deaths. The increasing explorations to SARS-CoV-2 infection guide us to consider whether bone lesion is followed by this pathologic process. We especially focus on the underlying pathobiology that SARS-CoV-2 possibly mediated in bone remodeling and analyze the association of bone destruction with ACE2 in COVID-19 incidence, for preferable understanding the pathogenesis and providing necessary clinical management in orthopedics.
Subject(s)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism , Bone Diseases/complications , Bone and Bones/metabolism , COVID-19/metabolism , Animals , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Bone Diseases/virology , Bone and Bones/pathology , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/virology , Humans , Immune System , Mice , Models, Theoretical , Muscles/pathology , Orthopedics , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
This study compared the laboratory indexes in 40 non-severe COVID-19 patients with those in 57 healthy controls. In the peripheral blood system of non-severe symptom COVID-19 patients, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, total procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide, osteocalcin N-terminal, thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 significantly decreased, and total protein, albumin, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, fibrinogen, D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation products, human epididymal protein 4, serum ferritin, and C-reactive protein were elevated. SARS-CoV-2 infection can affect hematopoiesis, hemostasis, coagulation, fibrinolysis, bone metabolism, thyroid, parathyroid glands, the liver, and the reproductive system.